Journal: Life

Article Title: Quercetin–Arctigenin Co-Treatment Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Cell Death Through Metabolic Stress in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

doi: 10.3390/life16050774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of quercetin and arctigenin on relative metabolic activity in mesothelioma and mesothelial cells. ( A – C ) MSTO-211H and MeT-5A cells were treated with increasing concentrations of QUE or ATG for ( A ) 24 h, ( B ) 48 h, and ( C ) 72 h. Relative metabolic activity was measured using the MTT assay. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (* p < 0.05 vs. control).

Article Snippet: Human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and human mesothelial MeT-5A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Life

Article Title: Quercetin–Arctigenin Co-Treatment Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Cell Death Through Metabolic Stress in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

doi: 10.3390/life16050774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined treatment with quercetin and arctigenin reduces metabolic activity and intracellular ATP production in mesothelioma cells. ( A – C ) MSTO-211H and MeT-5A cells were treated with QUE (40 μM), ATG (50 μM), or their combination for ( A ) 24 h, ( B ) 48 h, and ( C ) 72 h. Relative metabolic activity was measured using the MTT assay. ( D – F ) Intracellular ATP levels were measured after ( D ) 24 h, ( E ) 48 h, and ( F ) 72 h treatment. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control).

Article Snippet: Human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and human mesothelial MeT-5A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Life

Article Title: Quercetin–Arctigenin Co-Treatment Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Cell Death Through Metabolic Stress in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

doi: 10.3390/life16050774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination treatment suggests a potential synergistic interaction, reduces cell growth capacity, and increases caspase activity in mesothelioma cells. ( A ) Combination index (CI) values were calculated for QUE (40 μM) and ATG (50 μM) co-treatment in MeT-5A and MSTO-211H cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. CI values < 1 may be indicative of a potential synergistic interaction under the experimental conditions tested. ( B ) Cell growth capacity was assessed by crystal violet staining following 48 h treatment with QUE, ATG, or their combination. ( C ) Caspase 3/7 activity was measured after 48 h of treatment to evaluate apoptosis-associated protease activation. Data are presented as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control).

Article Snippet: Human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and human mesothelial MeT-5A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Staining, Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Life

Article Title: Quercetin–Arctigenin Co-Treatment Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Cell Death Through Metabolic Stress in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

doi: 10.3390/life16050774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined treatment with quercetin and arctigenin suggests increased apoptotic cell populations in mesothelioma cells. Representative Annexin V dot plots showing apoptotic cell populations in MeT-5A and MSTO-211H cells following treatment with QUE (40 μM), ATG (50 μM), or their combination for 48 h. Dot plots represent cells stained with Annexin V and PI, where color intensity indicates cell density and quadrants correspond to live, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic cell populations. Percentages of live, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic cells are indicated. Lower panels show quantitative analysis of live cells (%) and total apoptotic cells (%). Data are presented as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control).

Article Snippet: Human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and human mesothelial MeT-5A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Control

Journal: Life

Article Title: Quercetin–Arctigenin Co-Treatment Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptotic Cell Death Through Metabolic Stress in Malignant Mesothelioma Cells

doi: 10.3390/life16050774

Figure Lengend Snippet: Co-treatment with quercetin and arctigenin is associated with modulation of mitochondrial apoptosis-associated signaling and energy stress-related protein expression in mesothelioma cells. ( A ) Representative Western blot analysis of apoptosis-associated proteins in MeT-5A and MSTO-211H cells treated with quercetin (QUE, 40 μM), arctigenin (ATG, 50 μM), or their combination for 48 h. Expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2, as well as apoptosis execution markers cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, were examined. β-actin was used as the loading control. ( B ) Representative Western blot analysis of energy stress- and mitochondrial protein expression-related markers. Expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), total AMPK, and selected oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex subunits (ATP5A, UQCRC2, SDHB, COX II, and NDUFB8) were evaluated in MeT-5A and MSTO-211H cells following treatment with QUE, ATG, or their combination for 48 h. Relative protein expression levels were normalized to β-actin, and the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio was calculated to evaluate AMPK activation. Densitometric values are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control). Faint background signals may be present due to exposure sonditions and do not affect the interpretation of the results.

Article Snippet: Human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells and human mesothelial MeT-5A cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Phospho-proteomics, Activation Assay